Patients taking nitrates shld have a nitrate free period daily to avoid toleranceīoth cardiac and smooth muscles are activated starting with extracellular Ca2+, therefore CCB's work on them, unlike in skeletal musclesĭigoxin: AV block (parasympathetik) so helpful in Afib while in CAD its effect is helful coz of increase co tractolity ( DI goxi. In HOCM we use bb ccb disopyramide and diuretics or dilators NO will induce high cGMP which put myosin light chain in their inactive conformation In dilated Myopathy (also in ischemic myopathy): Contractile function is decrease but normal diastolic funciton (normal compliance) it is the opposite in HTN and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Hibernating myocardium refers to the presence of ledt ventricular systolic dysfunction due to reduced coronary blood flow at rest that is partially or completely reversible by coronary revascularisation Myocyte will stop contracting 1 min after total ischemia but it reversible until 30 mins 4-12: coagulation necrosis, edema hemorrhage, wavy fibers 1-5 days neutrophils 5-10 macrophae 10-14 granulation tissue then scar with collagen Transposition of Great Arteries is failite of Aorticoopulmonary spiral septum to undergo septation.Ġ-4 hr post mi the myocardium is normal on histology. Used to make hypotheses about populations Validity (accuracy) is when a test gives very similar results than gold standard Reliability refers to reproducibility of test (similar values all the time)Įffect modification is when smoking increases HRT risks of DVT compared to just smoker, while HRT alone do not increase the risk of DVTīiostatistics & Epidemiology In skewed graphs the hill is the Mean, then the Median and uphill is the Modeīiostatistics & Epidemiology Lung cancer has been increasing a lot recently in womenĩ5% CI that value is between X+/- Y Y is 1.96 (SD/rootsquare N) aka (SE) if it is as 99% CI it becomes 2.58 SEīerkson's bias: The bias of choosing hospitalized patient in the study Hathorne effect (observer effect): The tendency of subject to change their behavior as a result of awareness that they are being studied Pygmalion effect: the effect of researcher's belief on outcomeĮcological study are like cross sectional study, but in ecological study you want to Biostatistics & Epidemiology measure a certain geographical population habits or whatever. Type II error is measured with the power: Beta (probabiity of concluding that Biostatistics & Epidemiology there is no difference when there is actually one) The power is 1 - Beta meaning that is the pobability of concluding that there is a difference when there is actually oneīiostatistics & Epidemiology A result is considered legit if the 95% CI does not cross 0, so p value is less than 0.05 P value is called type I error: Probability that the difference ovserve is due to chance alone. While selection bias occurs when you don't choose a representative sample of the population When choosing two groups of same age and sex and race you are reducing the Biostatistics & Epidemiology chance of confounding bias. Tryptase is a specific marker for mast cells amd is useful in anaphylaxisĪfter IgE bind to receptors on Basophils and Mast cells these aggregate and cause degranulation of substances.īiostatistics & Epidemiology Absolute Risk Reduction= Event Rate % (A) - Event Rate % (B)īiostatistics & Epidemiology Mode is the most frequent value on statistics, it the least affected by outliers Not all diphteria will cause pseudomembranous pharyngitis but need Tox gene to produce its exptoxin AB Otherwise prevent with vaccine (active immunization) If a child has diphteria give antitoxin (passive immunization most efficient), penicilin or erythromycin and vaccine. Hence the use of Calcineurin inhibitors in transplants It is also the target of humoral response to the infection Streptolysin O will lyse RBCs amd PMNsĬalcineurin activate IL2 which permit T cell proliferation. Protein M is the main virulence of strep pyogenous as it inactivates phagocytosis, complement activation and permit bacterial adherence. Hep B itself is not hepatotoxic but CD8+ repsonse to HBsAg and HBcAg will cause damage Loratidine is 2nd gen antihistamine and safe in elderly coz no fall problems